Vitamin D has the ability to suppress inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), while it increases the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10. Vitamin D regulates immune function by inhibiting the differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells, enhancing interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion and inhibiting T-cell functions.
There is an increasing evidence to support the role of vitamin D pathway in the regulation of the function of both innate and adoptive immune systems. The discovery that many cells express vitamin D receptors and the recognition of widespread vitamin D insufficiency has stimulated interest in the potential role of vitamin D in nonskeleton conditions.
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